UNIT 4: CIVIL SERVICE MANAGEMENT

1. WARM-UP

Activity 1:

In groups of five, discuss the meaning of civil service management.

Activity 2: Group discussion

Describe the civil service management in Vietnam.

1. TEXTS AND PRACTICE

Activity 3: Pre-reading of Text 1

Make sure you know the meaning of the following words or pharases. Use your dictionary if necessary and then fill in the gaps:

                     to recruit                                                          professional cadres

                     overstaffing                                                      cutting down the staff

                     early retirement                                                positions

                     benefits

1. …………….. is one way to reduce numbers of employees.

2. They have a vacancy for a secretary. It is necessary ……………… a new one.

3. Income of civil servants usually comprises of monthly salary and other kinds of ……………..

4. When you have too many people to do the work needed, this creates the problem of …………………….

5. ……………………. Are jobs of paid employment that people hold in an office or organization, especially in the public sector.

6. I think ……………….. are engineers, accountants, doctors and people like these.

7. When there is too much staff in the civil service, governments use ………………… as a measure to reduce the size and cots.

Activity 4: Text 1

Read the following text to get the general understanding of it:

Some Issues in Civil Service Management

1. An important aspect of effective Public Administration is efficient managenment of human resources throung an appropriate civil service system. Indeed  the needs to recruit, develop and utilized professional managerial cadres to conduct the core government function become pressing as the public service becomes focuses on strategically oriented activities of the state. An overall  focus on improved management of human resources, as well as improved development of those human resources, is an essential  element. Governments must decide how the staff will be organized, managed, recruited and selected, compensated, trained, evaluated and prometed. Therefore the issues should be addressed through coherent policies, which should be carried out in conformity with national development strategies. Firstly, the governments should re-define the role of the public sector in the light of its political objectives, its resources and the real capacity of its public service.
2. At present, many governments are faced with the problems of overstaffing and inefficiency in performance of their civil servant. In order to sovle the problems, various governments have been using different interventions to reduce the cost and the size of the public service. Yet the measures they used, such as cutting down the staff, recruitment through competitive examination, reorganization and early retirement have some considerable results. But in fact, these initiatives have generally been ad hoc. There  should be systematic policy orientation later on. The government will have to do more with fewer but better qualified and motivated human resources. The civil service needs to focus on achieving programmed goals.
3. There are two systems of service in the world:
   • Career system,
   • Job system.

Some of the directions to reform civil service are sa follows:

• Defining the kind of needs for knowledges, skills and abilities.
• Clarifying the categories of government employees to be included in the civil service system.
• Strengthening the role of the agencies responsible for civil service management.
• Classifying the mechanism to designate levels, responsibilitities, and positions.
• Methods for recruitment and selection of public servants.
• And appropriate system of salary, benefits, allowances etc., including the conditions of work.
• Training public servants, including pre-service training, in-service training and career development programs.
• Finally, there should be well-established mechanisms for performance evaluation.

Activity 5: What is the main idea?

Read again to find out the most important ideas in each paragraph:

Paragraph 1:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Paragraph 2:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Paragraph 3:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Activity 6: Vocabulary work

Match the words or phrases on the left with their definitions on the right:

Managerial cadres	Training before starting a job
Career system	Amount of money givent  regularly
Job system	Employees who hold hight-level posts
Public services	Civil service system that is quite closed and focuses on careers of civil servants
Allowance	Assessment based on achievements
Performance evaluation	Public utilities such as water supply, waste collection etc.
Per-service training	Civil service system that is open and based on specific positions of civil servants

Activity 7: Multipe choice

Choose the answer that best completes the  meaning of the phrase:

1. Governments must decide how the staff
2. Will be organized, managed, recruited and selected;
3. Will be compensated, trained, evaluated and promoted;
4. Will be looked after;
5. a and b.
6. A number of measures have been undertaken by governments in their efforts to reform the civil service, including
7. Overstaffing and inefficiency in performance of their civil servants;
8. Cutting down the staff, recruitment through competitive examinations, reorganization and early retirement;
9. The role of the public sector in the development process;
10. To focus on achieving planned goals.
11. The following are the forms of civil service systems in the world:
12. Career system
13. Job system
14. Cadre system
15. All the above
16. Some of the directions to reform the civil service are:
17. Defining the needs for civil service, clarifying the categories of employees to be included, strengthening the role of HRM, appropriate methods for selection, recruitment, promotion, salary, training and evaluation;
18. Measures for cutting down the staff;
19. Pre-service training, in-service training and career development programs for the staff;
20. Code of conduct and management by objective.

Activity 8: Work in pairs

Now discuss in pairs and then tell the whole class about civil service reform measures that the Government of Vietnam undertakes, using your own words and phrases.

Activity 9: Pre-reading of Text 2

Match the words on the left with their equivalents on the right:

Non-partisan	More than what is needed or used
Merit	An ability to do something in a skilled or expert way because of training and practive
Reliability	Activity in which a real situation is represented in training form
Proficiency	The quality of deserving praise; personal worth
Surplus	The quality of being dependable and therefore deserving trust
Recruitment	Not favouring one person or group of people more than another
Adverse	Suitability, for example, for a certain position
Simulation	Information about the results of a set of actions, passed back to a person, so that changes can be made if necessary
Eligibility	The process of seeking and hiring new members
feedback	negative, unfavourable

Activity 10: Text 2

Skim through the text and write down its topic:

TOPIC:

…………………………………………………………………………………..…..

1. in order to have a public service that is highly competent, non-partisan and representative of Canadian society, great importance is attached to the staffing process. The main principles of hiring public servants are set out in the Public Service Employment Act. The Act requires that all appointments be made on the basis of merit. This means that the most qualified person or the one who best meets the standard of competence for a position should be appointed. The responsibility for selecting candidates and appointing staff lies with the Public Service Commission, departmental deputy heads and human resources specialists.
2. The staffing process goes through several phases. The first one is the preparation phase. Here the main task is to define the nature of the vacant position (what kind of work is to be performed, the level of responsibility it requires, the context in which duties will be carried out, etc.), and then to specify, the qualifications needed. Usually the following types of qualifications are considered: knowledge, skills, experience, education, previous performance, inter-personal relationships, official language proficiency as well as reliability and medical suitability. The next step is to choose means by which qualifications of candidates will be assessed (interviews, simulations, written test, ect.).
3. The second phase in the staffing process is the priorities phase. Certain persons are given priority consideration; for example, surplus employees or those returning from leave. Such people are appointed during this phase, if they are found qualified.
4. During the recruitment and selection phase, it is determined whether it will be better to fill the vacancy through an internal selection process or to invite candidates from outside. Then, to ensure a broad area of selection, the position is advertised in newspapers and magazines as well as by means of Internet and email. Next a selection board is set up and the process of screening and assessing candidates begins.
5. Following the competition, appointment are made from eligibility lists, which rank candidates in order of merit. This is called the appointment phase. All candidates that took part in the competition receive post-selection feeldback. They are informed in writing about the result of the competition and they have the right to obtain further information about the selection process if they wish. Unsuccessful candidates or persons adversely affected by a staffing decision may appeal the selection, and an investigation will be conducted.
6. Public Service Employment Regulations prescribe that employees who are appointed from outside the Public Service should undergo a probation period of 12 months.

Activity 11: Comprehension questions

1. How many stages are there in the staffing process in the public service of Canada?
2. What is an eligibility list?
3. What is post-selection feedback?

Activity 12: Word study

Pair up the words so that they make logical units:

Attach	An investigation
Meet	A vacancy
Find a	Employee
Probation	Standards
Surplus	Period
Fill	Importance to
conduct	qualified candidate

Activity 13: Multiple choice

Read the following sentences and then decide which of the three answers A, B or C restates it, i.e. puts the information into other words:

1. The responsibility for selecting candidates and appointing staff lies with the Public Service Commission.

(A). The Public Service Commission shifts responsibility for selecting candidates and appointing staff to someone else.

(B). The Public Service Commission has no responsibility for selecting candidates and appointing staff.

(C). The Public Service Commission bears responsibility for selecting candidates and appointing staff.

1. Certain persons are given priority considerations.
2.  Person who are sure of themselves are considered first.
3. Some categories of people are considered first
4. People first consider what is sure to happen.
5. Next the selection boards are set up and the process of screening and assessing candidates begins.
6. After a selection board is established, candidates are shown on a screen.
7. A selection board deals with sheltering candidates.
8. A selection board tests candidates to see whether they are suitable for the job.

Activity 14: Summary

Summarize the text into 6 sentences:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. EXENSION

Activity 15: Conjunctions/ connectors

1. Look at these examples taken from the texts:
2. An overall focus on improved management of human resources, as well as improved development of those human resources, is an essential element.
3. Government must decide how the staff will be organized and managed, therefore, the issues should be addressed through coherent policies.
4. They are onformed in writing about the result of competition and  they have the right to obtain further information about the selection process if they wish.
5. Notes:
6. Conjunctions are words like and, as well as, but, therefore, because, although. They are used to join clauses together, and to show the relationship between the ideas in the clauses.
7. One conjunction is enough to join two clauses. Don’t use double conjunctions to join two clauses. (e.g.although the manager was tired, but he went to work).
8. However, two conjunctions can be used to join three clauses (e.g. although the manager was tired, but he didn’t stay there long).
9. Make one sentence from two. Use the work(s) in brackets in your sentences:
10. Administration is as old as the state. Much debate is still going on about it. (although)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. My parents earn very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1. The civil service is faced with a number of constraints and sluggishness. There is a requirement to reform it.( therefore)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. The merit system recognizes personnel management as an essential element of executive management. As such, personnel management can not be isolated from politics. (and)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

1. The office is overstaffed. It is now in the process of cutting down the staff.( because)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. HOMEWORK

Exercise 1: Supplementary reading

Read the text carefully, then answer the questions that follow:

Issues in Human Resource Development in the Public Service

1. Human resource development, a concept in public administration, introduces a new philosophy about human resources at both the national and organizational levels of concern: that a nation’s people as well as the personnel in public organizations are their most critical resources. Compared to non-human resources, human resources can produce more outputs in relation to inputs. This may be attributed to the creativity and innovativeness of the human resource which when applied to money, material, and technology convert these into desired outputs and outcomes. Non-human resources, however plentiful, cannot automatically convert themselves into outputs without the intervention of managerial and technical knowledge and skills of human resources.
2. At the national level, human resource simply means people. The people of a countru are critical to its pursuit of national development. They play various roles: as change agents, beneficiaries, as well as constraints to development. Human resources development (HRD) involves the creation, development,, and improvement of the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of a people to prepare them for meaningful participation in the political, economic, social, cultural, and spiritual-moral aspects of their individual as well as national lives.
3. Human resource development prepares people for active and meaningful participation in the political process of leader selection and in the formulation of policy decisions affecting their lives. It equips them with knowledge and skill so that they can be gainfully employed and economically self-sufficient and thus gain self respect and dignity. It develops social attributes which will enable them to cope with the requirements and pressures of social life and make them acceptable to the society and community. HRD prepares people to identify themselves with and be proud of their culture, their art, and their history. Finally, HRD prepares people for a morally and spiritually upright way of life (Harbison and Myers, 19464).
4. At the organizational level, HRD paves the way for adequate and fair recruitment, training and development, including motivation, utilization and conservation of human resources in organizations. Organizational effectiveness depends on the capability and competency of the personnel responsible for implementing the organization’s policies, programs and projects and in the delivery of goods and services to its clientele and beneficiaries.
5. The HRD philosophy provides for a personnel management system that ensures a developmental and systematic treatment of employee concents. Unlike the traditional personnel management system which focuses more on rules and processes for personnel actions and transactions, the developmental system’s major forcus in human resources is organization.
6. The public bureaucracy is the center stage for human resource development which, however, does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly conditioned and affected by its contextual environment. The societal and political culture obtaining within definite time periods under a specific political system and leadership set the contextual realities under which bureaucracy develops its distinct administrative culture. The different variants, in turn, determine the characteristics and qualities of the bureaucracy’s human resources.
7. Recent events in many developing countries show a shift from authoritarianism to democracy; and from traditionalism to modernization. However, the experience towards modernization is marred by a growing dependency on foreign loans and technical assistance which, sometimes, results in people carrying the burden of development rather than enjoying its fruits as beneficiaries. Often, the rapid changes and redevelopment of national resources place challenging pressures on the human resource development function. How to avoid the unintended consequences of development like poverty and a lowering of the people’s standard of living is a real problem faced by HRD decision-makers.
8. Governments are, today, confronted with competing HRD issures, namely: (1) avoiding conflict and the searching for balance between merit and political patronage in public service employment; (2) increasing size of the bureaucracy; (3) sustaining personnel motivation and morale to ensure positive work behavior and high levels of performance; and (4) continuing training and development of civil servants to equip them with the necessary knowledge, attitudes, and skills to meet the present and future challenges of public service.

Answer the following questions:

1. In what ways do human resources differ from non-human resources?
2. What is meant by human resource development (HRD)?
3. What are the aims of HRD?
4. What role does HRD play at the organizational level?
5. How does HRD philosophy differ from the traditional personnel management system?
6. Explain why “ The public bureaucracy is the center stage for human resource development which, however, does not exist in a vacuum.”
7. What is the real problem that HRD decision- makers in developing countries are faced with?
8. What are competing HRD issues with which governments are, today, confronted?
9. REVIEW TEST

You have 20 minutes to complete the following test. When you have finished, your teacher will give you the key and you will mark your own answer.

Test 1: Questions and auxiliary verbs

Write questions for the following statements:

1. An important aspect of effective public administration is efficient management of human resources through an appropriate civil service system.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………?

1. The government should re- define the role of the public sector in the light of its political objectives, its resources and the real capacity of its public service.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………?

1. The civil service needs to focus in achieving programmed goal.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..?

1. The Public Service Commission has the responsibility for selecting candidates and appointing staff.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………?

(4 points)

Test 2: Translation into Vietnamese

1. Another source of expansion of public bureaucracies is the legislature.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. In response to the demands of their constituents, legislators pass laws which launch new policies and programs addressing problems for which the voters press for resolution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1. Sometimes, such laws provide for new administrative structures to carry out the policies and programs.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(6 points)

UNIT 3: DEFINING MANAGEMENT

A.      REVIEW OF UNIT 2

Activity 1: Group presentation

In groups of five, discuss the notion of “governance”. After seven minutes, group representatives will present their findings in front of the whole class.

B.      TEXTS AND PRACTICE

Activity 2: Pre-reading

a. Look at the following words and choose five words that you think might be used in the text about defining management. Explain your choice.

plan resources goals budget

complaint office audit human

organization academic tasks culture

b. Read aloud the words you have listed.

Activity 3: Reading comprehension

Read the following text carefully:

Management

1. Management has been called “the art of getting things done through people”. This definition, by Mary Parker Follet, calls attention to the fact that managers achieve organizational goals by arranging for others to perform whatever tasks may be necessary – not by performing the tasks themselves.

1. Management is that, and more. So much more, in fact, that no one definition has been universally accepted. Our discussion will start with a somewhat more complex definition, so that we may call attention to additional important aspects of managing.

1. Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of an organization’s members, and using all other organizational resources to achieve stated organizational goals.

1. A process is a systematic way of doing things. We define management as a process because all managers, regardless of their particular aptitudes or skills, engage in certain inter-related activities in order to achieve their desired goals.

1. 1. Planning implies that managers think through their goals and actions in advance. Their actions are usually based on some method, plan or logic, rather than on a hunch.

1. 2. Organizing means that managers co-ordinate the human and material resources of the organization. The effectiveness of an organization depends on its ability to marshall its resources to attain its goals. Obviously, the more integrated and co-ordinated the work of an organization, the more effective it will be. Achieving this co-ordination is part of the manager’s job.

1. 3. Leading describes how managers direct and influence subordinates, getting others to perform essential tasks. By establishing the proper atmosphere, they help their subordinates do their best.

1. 4. Controlling means that managers attempt to ensure that an organization is moving towards its goals. If some part of an organization is on the wrong track, manager try to find out why, and setting things rights.

1.  The definition also indicates that managers use all the resources of the organization – its finances, equipment and information as well as its people – to attain their goals. People are the most important resources of any organization, but managers world be limiting their achievements if they did not also rely on the other available organizational resources. For example, a manager who wishes to increase sale might try not only to motivate the sales force but also to increase the advertising budget, thus using both human and financial resources to attain that goal.

1. Finally, the definition says that management involves achieving the organization’s “stated goals”. This means that managers of any organization – a university, the Department of Social Security, or the Sydney Swan – try to attain specific ends. These ends are, of course, unique to each organization. The stated goal of a university might be to give students a well-rounded education in an academic community. Whatever the stated goals of a particular organization, management is the process by which the goals are achieved.

Now say if these statements are true (T) of false (F). Look at the table that follows for the words or expressions that you don’t know. Correct the false statements.

…. 1. A manager does things for other people.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 2. Managers perform tasks by themselves.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 3. A process is a general way of doing things.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 4. Planning means doing the tasks and actions in advance.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 5. Organizing means coordinating all organizational resources.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 6. Leading means directing and influencing.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 7. Controlling implies setting things right.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 8. A manager’s job involves only human resources.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 9. Organizations are all the same.

...........................................................................................................................................................

…. 10. Management is a way of achieving stated goals.

...........................................................................................................................................................

Activity 4: Vocabulary work

Look carefully at these words and phrases. Read them out loud after your teacher.

Vocabulary	Vietnamese meaning(s)
Goal                                              (para.1)	Mục tiêu
Organizational goal                      (para.1)	Mục tiêu của tổ chức
Management                                 (para.1)	Quản lý
Manager                                        (para.1)	Nhà quản lý
Universally                                   (para.2)	Được chấp nhận chung
Controlling                                   (para.3)	Kiểm tra Kiểm soát
Leading                                        (para.3)	Lãnh đạo
Organizing                                   (para.3)	Tổ chức
Planning                                       (para.3)	Lập kế hoạch Lên kế hoạch
Human and material resources                                      (para.6)	Các nguồn nhân lực và vật lực
The more …, the more …           (para.6)	Càng…, càng…
Proper atmosphere                       (para.7)	Bầu không khí thích đáng
Subordinate                                  (para.7)	Cấp dưới
Achievement                                (para.9)	1.  Hành động đạt được 2.  Thành tựu
Academic community                                                      (para.10)	1.  Cộng đồng học thuật 2.  Giới học thuật
Stated goals                                  (para.10)	Các mục tiêu đã đề ra

Activity 5: Matching words with their meaning

Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right. The first is done for you as an example:

1. resources 2. controlling 3. goal 4. planning 5. complex

a. something you hope to achieve b. made up of many different parts c. people or things you can turn to for help d. making something work in the way that is required e. deciding in advance how to do something.

Activity 6: Comprehension questions

Read the text in Activity 3 again and answer the following questions:

1. What is the definition of management given by Mary Parker Follett?
2. Why is no one definition of management universally accepted?
3. Why is management defined as a process?

4.   Describe what a manager does. (Your answer should contain at least four parts.)

5.   What does planning imply?

6.   What is the meaning of leading?

7.   What is controlling?

8.   What resources do managers use to attain their goals?

9.   What do you understand by the term “stated goals”?

10. Do you have any other definition of management? What is it?

Activity 7: Word formation

The text on defining management contains a lot of words ending in –tion. Find nouns to match the following verbs:

Verbs 1. define 2. attend 3. organize 4. act 5. co-ordinate 6. inform 7. educate

Noun (ending in –tion) ………………………………….. ………………………………….. ………………………………….. ………………………………….. ………………………………….. ………………………………….. …………………………………..

Meaning of the Noun ………………………………. ………………………………. ………………………………. ………………………………. ………………………………. ………………………………. ……………………………….

Activity 8: Pronunciation

Stress

1. Words ending in –tion have at least two syllables, usually more. Which syllable is stressed? Listen to the nouns ending in –tion. Mark the stressed syllable.
2. Study the list again. What is the rule for stress in words ending in –tion? Complete the following sentence:

Rule: the syllable _______________________ -tion is stressed.

1. Does it make any difference if the –tion is not at the end of the word?

Example: addition – additional, education – educational, organization – organizational

Rule: the syllable _____________________ -tion is ______________ stressed.

The sound /∫/

The letters “ti” in –tion are pronounced /∫/ as in SH. Which of the following words from the text also have the same sound? Underline the letters which give this sound.

discussion – ensure – essential – establish – finances – financial – process – social

Are you making the /∫/ sound correctly? If not, pull your tongue back more and press the sides of the tongue up against the inside of the upper back teeth.

Activity 9: Topic for discussion:

Give your opinion on the future of “management”.

C.     EXTENSION

Activity 10: Filling in the gaps

Complete the text using the following verbs. There may be some new words in the text. Try to guess the meaning before you look in a dictionary or ask somebody.

analyze improve select

communicate measure train

contribute commercialize understand

divide perform use

form risk work out

You want me to explain what management is? Well, I guess I can manage that! Actually, management as we (1)………………..it today is a fairly recent idea. Most economists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, for example, wrote about factors of production such as land, labour and capital, and about supply and demand, as if these were impersonal and objective economic forces which left no room for human action. An exception was Jean-Baptiste Say, who invented the term “entrepreneur”, the person who see opportunities to (2)……………… resources in more productive ways.

Entrepreneurs are people who are alert to so-far undiscovered profit opportunities. They perceive opportunities to (3) ……………….. new technologies and products that will serve the market better than it is currently being served by their competitors. They are happy to (4) …………….. their own or other people’s capital. They are unconventional, innovative people. But entrepreneurship isn’t the same as management, and most managers aren’t entrepreneurs.

So, what’s management? Well, it’s essentially a matter of organizing people. Managers, especially senior managers, have to set objectives for their organization, and then (5) ………………. how to achieve them. This is true of the managers of business enterprises, government departments, educational institutions, and sport teams, although for government services, universities and so on we usually talk about administrators and administration rather than managers and management. Managers (6) ………………. the activities of the organization and the relations among them. They (7) ………………… the work into distinct activities and into individual jobs. They (8) …………………… people to manage these activities and perform the jobs. And they often need to make the people responsible for performing individual jobs (9) ……………… effective teams.

Managers have to be good at communication and motivation. They need to (10) ………… the organization’s objectives to the people responsible for attaining them. They have to motivate their staff to work well, to be productive, and to (11) ……………. something to the organization. They make decisions about pay and promotion.

Managers have to (12) …………….. the performance of their staff, and to ensure that the objectives and performance targets set for the whole organization and for individual employees are reached. Furthermore, they have to (13) ………………. and develop their staff, so that their performance continues to (14) ……………

Some managers obviously (15) …………… these tasks better than others. Most achievements and failures in business are the achievements or failures of individual managers.

Activity 11: Things to remember:

“Management: The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the work of organization members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals.”

Activity 12: Translation

1. Translate the following passage into Vietnamese:

1. “For most of our lives, we are members of one organization or another – a college, a sports team, a musical or theatrical group, a religious or civic organization, a branch of the armed forces, or a business.
2. Some organizations, like the army and large corporations, are structured very formally. Others, like a neighborhood basketball team, are more casually structured.
3. But all organizations, formal or informal, are put together by a group of people who see that there are benefits available from working together toward some common goal. So a very basic element of any organization is a goal or purpose.
4. The goal will vary – to win a league championship, to entertain an audience, to set a product – but without a goal no organization would have a reason to exist”.

1. Translate the following passage into English:

Sựtiến hóa của lý thuyết quản lý

1. Quản lý và các tổchức là các sản phẩm của thời gian và không gian lịch sửvà xã hội của chúng. Nhưvậy, chúng ta có thểhiểu sựtiến hóa của lý thuyết quản lý từphương tiện con người đã từng vật lộn với vấn đềcác mối quan hệtại thời điểmcụthểtrong lịch sử.

1. Bài học quan trọng chúng ta có thểhọc tập được từkiến thức và kinh nghiệm của các bậc tiền bối là vềcác tổchức hình thức.

1. Khi nghiên cứu lý thuyết quản lý chúng ta sẽthấy rằng mặc dù những gì Henry Ford và Alfred Sloan quan tâm khác xa với những điều các nhà quản lý hiện nay quan tâm, chúng ta vẫn có thểthấy rằng chúng ta đang tiếp nối những truyền thống quý báu mà các bậc tiền bối đó đi trước từlâu.

1. Việc ghi nhớvềkhuôn khổcác mối quan hệvà thời gian đó giúp chúng ta đặt mình vào vịtrí của người học viên vềquản lý.”

D.    HOMEWORK

Exercise 1: Complementary reading

Read the following text and answer the review questions at the end:

Evolution of management theory

To fully appreciate the managerial process, an understanding of the evolution of management theory is essential. This evolution has progressed through four distinct phases, beginning with the scientific management movement in the early 1900s, moving on to the administrative movement of the 1930s, thehuman relations movement of the 1940s and 1950s, and then the current modern movement.

The Scientific Management Movement

1. Fredrick W. Taylor, generally regarded as the founded of scientific management, was greatly concerned during the late 1800s, and early 1900s with the emphasis that organization placed on production. Taylor believed that any major problem confronting an organization could be resolved if management would scientifically determine and communicate expected output levels to employees. Scientific management, as conceived by Taylor, was designed to increase the output of the employees and to improve management’s operating efficiency.
2. Taylor viewed each worker as a separate economic entity whose motivation to work stemmed from the worker’s financial needs. He also believed that workers had to produce more at a lower cost and that they should be paid on a piecework basis, which would enable them to increase their earnings.
3. The cornerstone of scientific management as formalized by Taylor was the use of time and motion study to increase workers’ efficiency in using machines. Time study is concerned with the amount of time it takes to complete a task, while motion study is concerned with the efficiency of the motion involved in performing a task.
4. Taylor and this his followers believed that it was possible to identify one best way to do a job. But mechanical, psychological and social needs were often neglected.

The Administrative Movement

1. Popular during the 1930s, the administrative movement focused on the firm as a whole or total entity rather than on specific isolated functions. It was during this movement that specific management functions were identified, including planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
2. Henry Fayol, a French geologist and engineer, was one of the more important proponents of the administrative philosophy. Fayol and his followers believed that management, regardless of the specific areas, was comprised of the following universal principles:

1. Division of labour 3. Discipline 5. Unity of direction 7. Remuneration 9. Scalar chain (line of authority) 11. Equity 13. Initiative

2. Authority 4. Unity of command 6. Subordination of the individual interest to the general interest 8. Centralization 10. Order 12. Stability of tenure of personnel 14. Esprit de corps.

The Human Relations Movement

1. Emerging during the 1940s and 1950s, the human relations movement was largely a response to the failure of organizations to treat their employees in a human manner. Rather than focusing on the whole organization, which was the philosophy of the administrative movement, the human relations era was primarily concerned with individuals, and groups. Especially important in the human relations movement was the relationship between superior and subordinate, particularly in terms of interpersonal relations and communication. Much of the work that evolved out of the human relations movement was concerned primarily with the lower levels of management.
2. One of the main proponents of the human relations movement was Elton Mayo. The well knownHawthorneStudies conducted by Mayo and other researchers from Harvard University provided the primary impetus for the development of the human relations movement. The Hawthorne Studies, which took place at Western Electric’s plant in Hawthorne, Illinois, were concerned with determining the effects that such factors as lighting, heating, fatigue and layout had on productivity.
3. One phase of the study determined the relationship between the illumination level of the work area and the output of the plant workers. As the illumination level was increased, the output also predictably increased. But unexpectedly, the output continued to increase even when the illumination level was decreased. The researchers concluded that the human element had a greater impact on determining output and reaction to change than did the technical factor. Those advocating human relations strongly believed, therefore, that treating employees in a human manner had a greater effect on operating efficiency and output than did any of the technical factors.

The Modern Movement

1. The fourth phase in the evolution of management theory, the modern movement, began in the early 1950s, and it continues today. The modern movement consists of two approaches – the quantitative approach and the nonquantitative approach. The quantitative approach is also known as the operations approach, while the nonquantitative approach is frequently called the behavioral science approach.
2. The operations approach is concerned primarily with the making of decisions, especially decisions about which operations should be undertaken and about how they should be carried out.
3. Systems analysis is closely related to the operations approach, with the following basic differences: sys analysis depends more on judgement and premonition, while the operations approach depends more on quantitative methods and mathematical models. Systems analysis is more subjective, while the operations approach is more objective.
4. The behavioral sciences approach is the scientific study of observable and verifiable human behavior. The effects of behavioral sciences can be observed at the individual, group, and organizational levels. The individual level is concerned with such factors as motivation, attitudes, and personality. The group level is concerned with interactions, interrelationships, group norms and group leadership. The organizational level is concerned with such areas as bureaucracy and the effect on behavior of the total design of the system.
5. Other comparisons can be made between the behavioral sciences approach and the operations approach. The behavioral sciences approach is concerned with the manner in which decisions are made, while the operations approach is concerned with the way in – which they ought to be made. The former uses psychology, sociology, and anthropology as its basis, while the latter is more concerned with mathematics, computer science, and statistical applications.

Now answer the following questions:

1. During the scientific management movement, what technique or process was used to help increase workers’ efficiency in using machines?
2. In what ways does the scientific management movement differ from the administrative movement?
3. What impact have the Hawthorne Studies had on the development of management theory?
4. How to systems analysis and the operations approach of the modern movement differ from one another?

E.   REVIEW TEST

You have 25 minutes to complete the following test. When you have finished, your teacher will give you the key and you will mark your own answers.

Test 1: Give a brief definition of each of the following words or phrases:

1. Resources......................................................................................................................................
2. Stated goals...................................................................................................................................
3. Controlling....................................................................................................................................
4. Co-ordination................................................................................................................................
5. Systems analysis............................................................................................................................
6. A process.......................................................................................................................................

Test 2: Fill in the gaps:

Find words or phrases used in this unit to fill in the gaps in the following sentences:

1. ……………is the action of directing and influencing subordinates to perform essential ………………
2. A good manager must identify and think through his actions and ………….. in advance so that he can …………… how to achieve something.
3. The ………………… and …………… resources of an organization must be …………… by a manager in order to make it operate efficiently.
4. “Management has been called the …………… of getting things ……………….. through ………………..”

(4 points)

Test 3: Making a list.

List, in order of importance, the six essential qualities you think a manager should possess. Be prepared to justify your choice.

(3 points)